I am not sure I get your question exactly right, but nonetheless:
A given Fieldtype is in itself just a fancy form of a ProcessWire Module and thus, I assume you are talking about the defaults of the form rendered on the Modules > Configure > NameOfYourFieldtype screen, correct?
To get a list of any Module's configuration, you can use:
wire("modules")->getConfig("YourFieldtypeName")
as found in the docs here. Ultimatively, this calls Modules::getConfig() or as of 3.0.219, ModulesConfigs::getConfig() which just reads whatever the database has stored for given WireData (a parent class of Module).
This will at least give you the Module's current config (possibly amongst others AND as possibly modified by the user). I know this isn't the solution because there isn't any given default way to set values for a Module. It is really up to the Module's author. Also, not every Module must have a config.
I am afraid, there might be no general solution at all.